29 世界不平等データベース

29.1 WID と WIR

World Inequality Database（世界不平等データベース、WID.world）は、国内および国家間の両方で、所得と富の分布が歴史とともに、どのように、進化・変化してきたかに関する広範な情報を、提供することを目的とした、オープンデータベースです。

The World Inequality Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the most extensive available database on the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth, both within countries and between countries. （参照）

ホームページ：https://wid.world

また、世界不平等データベース（WID.world）では、毎年、世界不平等報告（World Inequality Report, WIR）を出版しています。

29.2 世界不平等報告2022（WIR2022）

まず、World Inequility Report 2022（WIR2022）の概要（Executive Report）に含まれている、図を、再構成（recrerate）する方法を説明し、そのあとで、報告の他の部分のデータの取得方法や、活用について説明します。

以下が、基本的な、サイトの URL です。

世界不平等報告2022（World Inequality Report）: https://wir2022.wid.world/
概要（Executive Summary）: https://wir2022.wid.world/executive-summary/
分析方法（Methodology）: https://wir2022.wid.world/methodology/
概要のデータ（WIR2022 Executive Summary Data）: https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx

29.3 WIR2022概要

29.3.1 準備（Setup）

まず、ダウンロードしたデータを保存する data ディレクトリ（フォルダ）を作成します。言語を英語に設定することをお勧めします。Error が生じた時に、インターネット上で検索する時に、役立ちます。

Sys.setenv(LANG = "en")
dir.create("./data")

分析方法（Methodology）の、ページをみると、概要のデータのダウンロード（Download the datasets of the executive summary）があります。Download と書いてあるところを、右クリックまたは、Ctrl を押しながら、クリックすると、データのリンク先の URL を取得できます。一旦、ダウンロードして、それを、上で作成した、data ディレクトリに入れても構いませんが、再現性の確保から、ここでは、URL を使います。直接ダウンロードする場合には、そのページの URL や、項目を記録しておいてください。

URL: https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx

データは、Excel 形式になっており、図も、Excel で作成したようですが、どのように作成したかはわかりません。

まったく同じものはできませんが、同様のものを、R で作成します。

tidyverse：標準的なパッケージ
readxl: tidyverse パッケージ群の一部ですが、tidyverse の主要なパッケージとしては読み込まれませんので、Excel ファイルを読み込むために、読み込みます。
DT: 読み込まなくても作業はできますが、皆さんにも、確認していただくために、表の中の検索機能がつけられる、DT パッケージを読み込みます。自分で作業をするときは、Environment から、データを見ることで、代替可能です。
maps: 世界地図の描画がありますから、そのための世界地図のデータが含まれるパッケージを読み込みます。

library(tidyverse)
#> ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
#> ✔ dplyr     1.1.3     ✔ readr     2.1.4
#> ✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.0
#> ✔ ggplot2   3.4.3     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
#> ✔ lubridate 1.9.2     ✔ tidyr     1.3.0
#> ✔ purrr     1.0.2     
#> ── Conflicts ────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
#> ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
#> ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
#> ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(readxl)
library(DT)
library(maps)
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'maps'
#> 
#> The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
#> 
#>     map

Excel ファイルは、CSV のようなテキストファイルではなく、デジタルファイル（binary file）ですから、ダウンロードするには mode = "wb" を追加する必要があります。

まず、データファイルの、URL から、データを読み込み、data ディレクトリに保存します。Excel ファイルは、binary（二進）の、デジタルファイルで、テキストファイルではありませんから、mode = 'wb' とします。‘wb’ でも、“wb” でも構いません。

url_summary <- "https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx"
download.file(
  url = url_summary, 
  destfile = "./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx",
  mode = "wb")

読み込めない時は、単純に、Download をクリックして、ダウンロードし、作成した、data ディレクトリに保存してください。
Mac の場合は、リソースファイルというものも取得するので、mode = ‘wb’ はなくても、ダウンロード可能です。

download.file(url = url_summary, 
destfile = "data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx")

Excel ファイルに、どのような名前のシートが含まれているか、excel_sheets を使って確認します。

summary_sheets <- excel_sheets("data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx")
summary_sheets
#>  [1] "Index"     "F1"        "F2"        "F3"       
#>  [5] "F4"        "F5."       "F6"        "F7"       
#>  [9] "F8"        "F9"        "F10"       "F11"      
#> [13] "F12"       "F13"       "F14"       "F15"      
#> [17] "T1"        "data-F1"   "data-F2"   "data-F3"  
#> [21] "data-F4"   "data-F5"   "data-F6"   "data-F7"  
#> [25] "data-F8"   "data-F9"   "data-F10"  "data-F11" 
#> [29] "data-F12"  "data-F13." "data-F14." "data-F15"

Excel ファイルをあければ、シート名は、確認できますが、読み込む時には、リストがあると便利です。コピー・ペーストも使えます。よくみていただくと、なんと、シート名の最後に、ピリオッドが入っているものもあります。注意が必要です。
Excel ファイルを見ればわかりますが、最初のほうは、グラフなどが載っており、後の方が、データになっています。
読み込む時は、シート名 sheet = "Index" 以外に、 sheet = 1 など、何番目のシートかを指定することも可能です。ただ、たとえば、シートを削除していたりすると、削除したシートも含めての番号になっているので、問題が起こる場合もあります。

df_index <- read_excel("data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", 
                       sheet = "Index")
df_index

このファイルの情報から、それぞれのシートの内容がわかります。データは、“data-F1” to “data-F15”. にあります。

29.3.2 F1: 世界の所得と富の不平等 2021年

Global income and wealth inequality, 2021

df_f1 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F1")
#> New names:
#> • `` -> `...1`

最初の列には、列名がないため, R は、自動的に ...1 を割り当て、 New names: とメッセージを出しています。

df_f1

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) + 
  geom_text(aes(x = cat, y = value, group = group, label = scales::label_percent(accuracy=1)(value)), vjust = -0.08,
            position = position_dodge(0.9)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 1. Global income and wealth inequality, 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of total income or wealth", fill = "")

Interpretation: The global bottom 50% captures 8.5% of total income measured at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The global bottom 50% owns 2% of wealth (at Purchasing Power Parity). The global top 10% owns 76% of total Household wealth and captures 52% of total income in 2021. Note that top wealth holders are not necessarily top income holders. Incomes are measured after the operation of pension and unemployment systems and before taxes and transfers.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

図の解釈 世界の下位50%は、購買力平価（PPP）で測定した総所得の8.5%を占めている。世界の下位50%は富の2%を所有（購買力平価で）。世界の上位10%は、2021年には世帯総資産の76%を保有し、総所得の52%を獲得する。富の上位者が所得の上位者とは限らないことに注意。所得は年金と失業制度の運用後、税金と移転の前に測定されている。出典とシリーズ：wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.2.1 説明

29.3.2.1.1 Step 1.

図には Top 1% のデータは含まれていない。
Income と Wealth の二つのグループがあり、pivot_longer を使って、整える（tidy にする）必要がある。
pivot_longer の基本的な使い方：
- pivot_longer(cols, names_to = "group", values_to = "value"), cols は、縦長の形式にする列、この場合は、2列から4列なので、 cols = 2:4 と指定。第一列以外なので、 cols = -1, と指定してもよい。
列名 …1 を cat（カテゴリの省略形）に変更。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value")

29.3.2.1.2 Step 2.

ggplot2 を使って図を描く。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col()

29.3.2.1.3 Step 3.

積み上げグラフになっているので、 position = dodge で横に並べる。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge")

29.3.2.1.4 Step 4.

y-軸を％に変更
この場合は、 scale_y_continuous(labels = c("0%", "20%", "40%", "60%", "80%")) でも同じ。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1))

29.3.2.1.5 Step 5.

表題（title）と y-軸のラベルをつけ、x 軸のられると、凡例のラベルを消去。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 1. Global income and wealth inequality, 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of total income or wealth", fill = "")

29.3.2.1.6 Step 6.

値を、棒グラフの上に表示。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  geom_text(aes(x = cat, y = value, group = group, label = scales::label_percent(accuracy=1)(value)), 
            position = position_dodge(0.9)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 1. Global income and wealth inequality, 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of total income or wealth", fill = "")

29.3.2.1.7 Step 7.

棒の上にするためには、 vjust を利用して調節。

df_f1 |> select(cat = ...1, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(2:4, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = cat, y = value, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  geom_text(aes(x = cat, y = value, group = group, label = scales::label_percent(accuracy=1)(value)), vjust = 0,
            position = position_dodge(width = 0.9)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 1. Global income and wealth inequality, 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of total income or wealth", fill = "")

29.3.3 F2: 最貧困層はかなり少なくなっている： 2021年における世界の下位50％、中位40％、上位10％の所得シェア

The poorest half lags behind: Bottom 50%, middle 40% and top 10% income shares across the world in 2021

df_f2 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F2")
df_f2

df_f2 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = iso, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 8)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 2. The poorest half lags behind Bottom 50%, middle 40% \nand top 10% income shares across the world in 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of national income (%)", fill = "")

Interpretation: In Latin America, the top 10% captures 55% of national income, compared to 36% in Europe. Income is measured after pension and unemployment contributions and benefits paid and received by individuals but before income taxes and other transfers.
Sources and series: www.wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

図の解釈 ラテンアメリカでは、上位10％が国民所得の55％を占めているのに対し、ヨーロッパでは36％である。所得は、個人が支払った年金や失業保険、給付の後、所得税やその他の移転の前に測定される。出典と系列： www.wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.3.1 説明

29.3.3.1.1 Step 1.

F1 と同様。

df_f2 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value")

29.3.3.1.2 Step 2.

タイトルが非常に長いので、 \n を入れて改行。 'and’ の前にスペースを入れると \n and ‘and’ の前にスペースが入ることになる。

df_f2 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = iso, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 2. The poorest half lags behind Bottom 50%, middle 40% \nand top 10% income shares across the world in 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of national income (%)", fill = "")

29.3.3.1.3 Step 3.

x-軸のラベルが重なっている。一つの方法は angle を使って角度をつけること。
もう一つの方法は scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 8)) をつかって、幅を指定し折り返すことで重複を避ける。

df_f2 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = iso, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = 1, hjust=1)) + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 2. The poorest half lags behind Bottom 50%, middle 40% \nand top 10% income shares across the world in 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of national income (%)", fill = "")

df_f2 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = iso, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 8)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 2. The poorest half lags behind Bottom 50%, middle 40% \nand top 10% income shares across the world in 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of national income (%)", fill = "")

29.3.4 F3: 世界の所得格差上位10位／下位50位（2021年）

Top 10/Bottom 50 income gaps across the world, 2021

df_f3 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F3")
df_f3

map0<-map_data("world")
map0$region[map0$region=="Democratic Republic of the Congo"]<-"DR Congo"
map0$region[map0$region=="Republic of Congo"]<-"Congo"
map0$region[map0$region=="Ivory Coast"]<-"Cote dIvoire"
map0$region[map0$region=="Vietnam"]<-"Viet Nam"
map0$region[map0$region=="Russia"]<-"Russian Federation"
map0$region[map0$region=="South Korea"]<-"Korea"
map0$region[map0$region=="UK"]<-"United Kingdom"
map0$region[map0$region=="Brunei"]<-"Brunei Darussalam"
map0$region[map0$region=="Laos"]<-"Lao PDR"
map0$region[map0$region=="Cote dIvoire"]<-"Cote d'Ivoire"
map0$region[map0$region=="Cape Verde"]<- "Cabo Verde"
map0$region[map0$region=="Syria"]<- "Syrian Arab Republic"
map0$region[map0$region=="Trinidad"]<- "Trinidad and Tobago"
map0$region[map0$region=="Tobago"]<- "Trinidad and Tobago"

df_f3 |> 
  mutate(`Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio` = cut(T10B50,breaks = c(5, 12, 13, 16, 19,140), include.lowest = FALSE)) |>
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + geom_map(aes(fill = `Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio`), map = map0) + expand_limits(x = map0$long, y = map0$lat) +
  labs(title = "Figure 3. Top 10/Bottom 50 income gaps across the world, 2021",
       x = "", y = "", fill = "Top 10/Bottom 50 ratio") +
  theme(legend.position="bottom", 
        axis.text.x=element_blank(), axis.ticks.x=element_blank(),
        axis.text.y=element_blank(), axis.ticks.y=element_blank()) + 
  scale_fill_brewer(palette='YlOrRd')

Interpretation: In Brazil, the bottom 50% earns 29 times less than the top 10%. The value is 7 in France. Income is measured after pension and unemployment payments and benefits received by individuals but before other taxes they pay and transfers they receive. Source and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.4.1 説明

29.3.4.1.1 Step 1.

df_f3 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F3")
df_f3

We use map_data("world") data attached to the tidyverse package. Let us look at the data first.

world_map <- map_data("world")
datatable(world_map)
#> Warning in instance$preRenderHook(instance): It seems your
#> data is too big for client-side DataTables. You may
#> consider server-side processing:
#> https://rstudio.github.io/DT/server.html

Let us try using the standard template of ggplot. We use Country for map_id and T10B50 for numerical data. Since world_map data contains long and lat of each region, we assign them as expand_limit.

df_f3 |> 
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + 
  geom_map(aes(fill = `T10B50`), map = world_map) +
  expand_limits(x = world_map$long, y = world_map$lat)

29.3.4.1.2 Step 2.

We observe a couple of issues by comparing them with the image of the original.

Russia, Congo, and some other areas are void.
Scale and the legend should be improved.
It may be better to bring the legend at the bottom to provide more width to the world map.

F3_world_map

The region name and the country name may be different in two datasets world_map and df_f3. Let us take care of the first issue.
To search names, we use DT::datatable, i.e., datatable in the DT package.

datatable(df_f3)

Search for ‘russia’ and ‘congo’, we find that
- Russian Federation = Russia in world_map
- DR Congo = Democratic Republic of the Congo in world_map
- Congo = Republic of Congo in world_map
There are at least three ways to change the entries.
- The following is a method to use Base R.
  - df_f3_rev$Country[df_f3_rev$Country == "Russian Federation"] <- "Russia": If the entry of the columnCountryin the data framedf_f3_revmatches with "Russian Federation", then replace it with "Russia.
- The second is to use mutate and case_when of tidyverse.
- The third is to use left_join after making a comparison table.

df_f3_rev <- df_f3
df_f3_rev$Country[df_f3_rev$Country == "Russian Federation"] <- "Russia"
df_f3_rev$Country[df_f3_rev$Country == "DR Congo"] <- "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
df_f3_rev$Country[df_f3_rev$Country == "Congo"] <- "Republic of Congo"

Now check the country names again using anti_join. By the code below, we can create a new table such that there is no region in world_map corresponding to Country in df_f3_rev.

df_f3_rev |> anti_join(world_map, by = c("Country" = "region"))

We can proceed one by one. However, WIR provides the code of this part in R. So let us use it. It is in Computer Codes at the Methodology site. Download ‘Full Datasets’ and ‘Computer Codes’. Then in WIR2022 - Computer codes, find Chapter1_Maps.R.

map<-map_data("world")
map$region[map$region=="Democratic Republic of the Congo"]<-"DR Congo"
map$region[map$region=="Republic of Congo"]<-"Congo"
map$region[map$region=="Ivory Coast"]<-"Cote dIvoire"
map$region[map$region=="Vietnam"]<-"Viet Nam"
# map$region[map$region=="United Arab Emirates"]<-"UAE"

The last one for UAE seems to be wrong, so deleted.

Since the data used in the next line was not find, let me use map now.

index_region2<-read_dta("index_region.dta")
map<-left_join(map,index_region2,by=c("region"="name_region"))
map$ISO[map$region=="Greenland"]<-"GL"
map$ISO[map$region=="UAE"]<-"AE"
map$ISO[map$region=="Brunei"]<-"BR" # done
map$ISO[map$region=="Antigua"]<-"AG"
map$ISO[map$region=="Cape Verde"]<-"CV"
map$ISO[map$region=="Cote dIvoire"]<-"CI"
map$ISO[map$region=="UK"]<-"GB" # done
map$ISO[map$region=="Canary Islands"]<-"ES"
map$ISO[map$region=="French Guiana"]<-"FR"
map$ISO[map$region=="Saint Kitts"]<-"KN"
map$ISO[map$region=="South Korea"]<-"KR"
map$ISO[map$region=="Saint Martin"]<-"MF"
map$ISO[map$region=="Macedonia"]<-"MK"
map$ISO[map$region=="Russia"]<-"RU" # done
map$ISO[map$region=="Bonaire"]<-"BQ"
map$ISO[map$region=="Sint Eustatius"]<-"BQ"
map$ISO[map$region=="Saba"]<-"BQ"
map$ISO[map$region=="Laos"]<-"LA"
map$ISO[map$region=="Sint Maarten"]<-"SX"
map$ISO[map$region=="Syria"]<-"SY"
map$ISO[map$region=="Trinidad"]<-"TT"
map$ISO[map$region=="Tobago"]<-"TT"
map$ISO[map$region=="Virgin Islands"]<-"VI"
map$ISO[map$region=="Saint Vincent"]<-"VC"
map$ISO[map$region=="Grenadines"]<-"VC"
map$ISO[map$region=="French Southern and Antarctic Lands"]<-"FR"
map$ISO[map$region=="Western Sahara"]<-"WS"

map$region[map$region=="Russia"]<-"Russian Federation"
map$region[map$region=="South Korea"]<-"Korea"
map$region[map$region=="UK"]<-"United Kingdom"
map$region[map$region=="Brunei"]<-"Brunei Darussalam"
map$region[map$region=="Laos"]<-"Lao PDR"
map$region[map$region=="Cote dIvoire"]<-"Cote d'Ivoire"
map$region[map$region=="Cape Verde"]<- "Cabo Verde"
map$region[map$region=="Syria"]<- "Syrian Arab Republic"
map$region[map$region=="Trinidad"]<- "Trinidad and Tobago"
map$region[map$region=="Tobago"]<- "Trinidad and Tobago"

df_f3 |> anti_join(map, by = c("Country" = "region"))

Is Zanzibar a part of Tanzania?

df_f3 |> 
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + 
  geom_map(aes(fill = `T10B50`), map = map) +
  expand_limits(x = map$long, y = map$lat)

29.3.4.1.3 Step 3.

Next we add a new column Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio by setting new breaks of T10B50.
Place the legend at the bottom using theme(legend.position="bottom").

df_f3_rev |> 
  mutate(`Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio` = cut(T10B50, breaks = c(5, 12, 13, 16, 19, 140), include.lowest = FALSE)) |>
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + geom_map(aes(fill = `Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio`), map = world_map) + expand_limits(x = world_map$long, y = world_map$lat) +
  theme(legend.position="bottom")

29.3.4.1.4 Step 4.

Finally add the title, remove x and y labels, and change the legend name.

df_f3_rev |> 
  mutate(`Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio` = cut(T10B50, breaks = c(5, 12, 13, 16, 19, 140), include.lowest = FALSE)) |>
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + geom_map(aes(fill = `Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio`), map = world_map) + expand_limits(x = world_map$long, y = world_map$lat) +
  labs(title = "Figure 3. Top 10/Bottom 50 income gaps across the world, 2021",
       x = "", y = "", fill = "Top 10/Bottom 50 ratio") +
  theme(legend.position="bottom")

29.3.4.1.5 Step 5.

Remove x-axis, y-axis and ticks. If you want to change color palette, see:

df_f3_rev |> 
  mutate(`Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio` = cut(T10B50, breaks = c(5, 12, 13, 16, 19, 140), include.lowest = FALSE)) |>
  ggplot(aes(map_id = Country)) + geom_map(aes(fill = `Top 10 Bottom 50 Ratio`), map = world_map) + expand_limits(x = world_map$long, y = world_map$lat) +
  labs(title = "Figure 3. Top 10/Bottom 50 income gaps across the world, 2021",
       x = "", y = "", fill = "Top 10/Bottom 50 ratio") +
  theme(legend.position="bottom", 
        axis.text.x=element_blank(), axis.ticks.x=element_blank(),
        axis.text.y=element_blank(), axis.ticks.y=element_blank()) +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette='YlOrRd')

29.3.5 F4: The extreme concentration of capital: wealth inequality across the world, 2021

df_f4 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F4")
df_f4

df_f4 |> pivot_longer(3:5, names_to = "level", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = iso, y = value, fill = level)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 4. The extreme concentration of capital: \nwealth inequality across the world, 2021",
       x = "", y = "Share of national wealth (%)", fill = "")

Interpretation: The Top 10% in Latin America captures 77% of total household wealth, versus 22% for the Middle 40% and 1% for the Bottom 50%. In Europe, the Top 10% owns 58% of total wealth, versus 38% for the Middle 40% and 4% for the Bottom 50%.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.5.1 説明

Almost the same as F1 and F2.
Wrap long label: scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 10))
Per Cent: scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1))

29.3.6 F5: Global income inequality: T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020

df_f5 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F5")
df_f5

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) + 
  lims(y = c(10,70)) + 
  geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) + 
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = stringr::str_wrap("Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income", width = 35)) +
  annotate("text", x = 1840, y = 32, label = stringr::str_wrap("1820: average income of the global top 10% is 18x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) + 
  annotate("text", x = 1910, y = 49, label = stringr::str_wrap("1910: average income of the global top 10% is 41x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) +
    annotate("text", x = 1980, y = 60, label = stringr::str_wrap("1980: average income of the global top 10% is 53x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) +
    annotate("text", x = 2010, y = 32, label = stringr::str_wrap("2020: average income of the global top 10% is 38x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3)

Interpretation. Global inequality, as measured by the ratio T10/B50 between the average income of the top 10% and the average income of the bottom 50%, more than doubled between between 1820 and 1910, from less than 20 to about 40, and stabilized around 40 between 1910 and 2020. It is too early to say whether the decline in global inequality observed since 2008 will continue. Income is measured per capita after pension and unemployement insurance transfers and before income and wealth taxes.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/lmethodology and Chancel and Piketty (2021)..

29.3.6.1 説明

29.3.6.1.1 Step 1.

The following is enough. Here we applied str_wrap to the label of the y-axis as it is very long.

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) + 
  geom_line() +
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = stringr::str_wrap("Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income", width = 35))

29.3.6.1.2 Step 2.

There are many way of smoothing.

Line Plot and LOESS

The default is “loess”, and se = TRUE which include the standard error.
Unless you clearly understand them, it is better to use formula = y~x, method = "loess", andse = FALSE`.
We try other methods below.

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) +
  geom_line() +
  geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", se = FALSE) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:", 
       subtitle = "T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = "Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income")

GAM Smoothing with 24 Points

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) +
  stat_smooth(method = "gam", formula = y ~ s(x, k = 24), se = FALSE) + 
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(min(df_f5$y), max(df_f5$y), by = 20),1)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = stringr::str_wrap("Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income", width = 35))

Polynomial Approximation of Degree 6

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ poly(x, 6), se = FALSE) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:", 
       subtitle = "T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = stringr::str_wrap("Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income", width = 35))

29.3.6.1.3 Step 3.

In the main chart for F5, we applied geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) as it is easy. You can adjust smoothness by changing the value for span.
For the y-axis, following the output provided, lims(y = c(10,70)) is added and annotation.
For a long text use: stringr::str_wrap("long text", width = size) and annotate with size = fontsize.
ggforce::geom_mark_rect will add annotation in a box.

df_f5 |> select(year = y, ratio = t10b50) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = ratio)) + 
  lims(y = c(10,70)) + 
  geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) + 
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) + 
  labs(title = "Figure 5. Global income inequality:T10/B50 ratio, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = stringr::str_wrap("Ratio of top 10% average income to bottom 50% average income", width = 35)) +
  annotate("text", x = 1840, y = 32, label = stringr::str_wrap("1820: average income of the global top 10% is 18x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) + 
  annotate("text", x = 1910, y = 49, label = stringr::str_wrap("1910: average income of the global top 10% is 41x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) +
    annotate("text", x = 1980, y = 60, label = stringr::str_wrap("1980: average income of the global top 10% is 53x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3) +
    annotate("text", x = 2010, y = 32, label = stringr::str_wrap("2020: average income of the global top 10% is 38x higher than average income of the bottom 50%", width = 20), size = 3)

29.3.7 F6: Global income inequality: Between vs. Within country inequality (Theil index), 1820-2020

df_f6 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F6")
#> New names:
#> • `` -> `...1`
df_f6

df_f6 |> select(year = "...1", 2:3) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:3, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  mutate(types = factor(type, levels = c("Within-country inequality", "Between-country inequality"))) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, fill = types)) +
  geom_area() +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) + 
  scale_fill_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2)), labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 6. Global income inequality: \nBetween vs. within country inequality (Theil index), 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = "Share of global inequality (% of total Theil index)", fill = "") + 
  annotate("text", x = 1850, y = 0.28, label = stringr::str_wrap("1820: Between country inequality represents 11% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3) + 
  annotate("text", x = 1980, y = 0.70, label = stringr::str_wrap("1980: Between country inequality represents 57% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3) +
  annotate("text", x = 1990, y = 0.30, label = stringr::str_wrap("2020: Between country inequality represents 32% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3)

Legend can be placed at the bottom: theme(legend.position="bottom")

df_f6 |> select(year = "...1", 2:3) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:3, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  mutate(types = factor(type, levels = c("Within-country inequality", "Between-country inequality"))) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, fill = types)) +
  geom_area() +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) + 
  scale_fill_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2))) +
  labs(title = "Figure 6. Global income inequality: \nBetween vs. within country inequality (Theil index), 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = "Share of global inequality (% of total Theil index)", fill = "") + 
  annotate("text", x = 1850, y = 0.28, label = stringr::str_wrap("1820: Between country inequality represents 11% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3) + 
  annotate("text", x = 1980, y = 0.70, label = stringr::str_wrap("1980: Between country inequality represents 57% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3) +
    annotate("text", x = 1990, y = 0.30, label = stringr::str_wrap("2020: Between country inequality represents 32% of global inequality", width = 20), size = 3) +
  theme(legend.position="bottom")

Interpretation. The importance of between-country inequality in overall global inequality, as measured by the Theil index, rose between 1820 and 1980 and strongly declined since then. In 2020, between-country inequality makes-up about a third of global inequality between individuals. The rest is due to inequality within countries. Income is measured per capita after pension and unemployement insurance transfers and before income and wealth taxes.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology and Chancel and Piketty (2021).

29.3.7.1 説明

29.3.7.1.1 Step 1.

We use geom_area after tidying the data with pilot_longer.

df_f6 |> select(year = "...1", 2:3) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:3, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, fill = type)) +
  geom_area() +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 6. Global income inequality: \nBetween vs. within country inequality (Theil index), 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = "Share of global inequality (% of total Theil index)")

29.3.7.1.2 Step 2.

Since the order of the two groups are different, the following linw is added.

scale_fill_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2)), labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15))

The second option is to control the legend to wrap.
Annotation can be omitted if we use RMarkdown to explain the charts clearly.
Add a line break in the y-axis label.

df_f6 |> select(year = "...1", 2:3) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:3, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  mutate(types = factor(type, levels = c("Within-country inequality", "Between-country inequality"))) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, fill = types)) +
  geom_area() +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) + 
  scale_fill_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2)), labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 6. Global income inequality: \nBetween vs. within country inequality (Theil index), 1820-2020",
       x = "", y = "Share of global inequality \n(% of total Theil index)", fill = "")

29.3.8 F7: Global income inequality, 1820-2020

df_f7 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F7")
df_f7

df_f7 |> select(year = y, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, color = type)) +
  geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 7. Global income inequality, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = " Share of total world income (%)", color = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 1980, y = 0.20, label = stringr::str_wrap("The global bottom 50% income share remains historically low despite growth in the emerging world in the past decades.", width = 30), size = 3)

Interpretation. The share of global income going to top 10% highest incomes at the world level has fluctuated around 50-60% between 1820 and 2020 (50% in 1820, 60% in 1910, 56% in 1980, 61% in 2000, 55% in 2020), while the share going to the bottom 50% lowest incomes has generally been around or below 10% (14% in 1820, 7% in 1910, 5% in 1980, 6% in 2000, 7% in 2020). Global inequality has always been very large. It rose between 1820 and 1910 and shows little long-run trend between 1910 and 2020. Distribution of per capita incomes. Sources and series: see wir2022.wid.world/methodology and Chancel and Piketty (2021).

29.3.8.1 説明

29.3.8.1.1 Step 1.

pivot_longer() 適用し、tidy データに変換

df_f7 |> select(year = y, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value")

29.3.8.1.2 Step 2.

*Use geom_smooth with span, and change the scale of x-axis and y-axis.

df_f7 |> select(year = y, 2:4) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value, color = type)) +
  geom_smooth(formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1820, 2020, by = 20),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 7. Global income inequality, 1820-2020", 
       x = "", y = " Share of total world income (%)", color = "")

Finally, add the annotation to obtain the figure above.

29.3.9 F8: The rise of private versus the decline of public wealth in rich countries, 1970-2020

df_f8 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F8")
df_f8

df_f8 |> drop_na() |>
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)') |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("country",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  stat_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = country, linetype = type), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", 
              span = 0.25, se = FALSE, size=0.75) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 8. The rise of private versus the decline of \npublic wealth in rich countries, 1970-2020", 
       x = "", y = "wealth as % of national income", color = "", type = "")
#> Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2
#> 3.4.0.
#> ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
#> This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
#> Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where
#> this warning was generated.

Interpretation: Public wealth is the sum of all financial and non-financial assets, net of debts, held by governments. Public wealth dropped from 60% of national income in 1970 to -106% in 2020 in the UK.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology, Bauluz et al. (2021) and updates.

29.3.9.1 説明

29.3.9.1.1 Step 1.

There are two types of groups, countries and public vs private. So we change the column names first to identify that classification easily. We delete the last two columns “gwealAVGRICH” and “pwealAVGRICH” as they will not appear in the chart.

df_f8 |> 
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)')

29.3.9.1.2 Step 2.

First separate the countries into a new column.
Here, we used an option names_sep = "_".

df_f8 |> 
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)') |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("country",".value"), names_sep = "_")

29.3.9.1.3 Step 3.

Next apply pivot_longer again to form the second group.

df_f8 |> 
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)') |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("country",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value")

29.3.9.1.4 Step 4.

Assign colors to countries and distinguish types by linetype.

df_f8 |> 
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)') |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("country",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = country, linetype = type),
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE)
#> Warning: Removed 50 rows containing non-finite values
#> (`stat_smooth()`).

29.3.9.1.5 Step 5.

Since there are a lot of NA’s, removed using drop_na()
Change the line width by size, change the y-axis to percents and add the .title.

df_f8 |> drop_na() |>
  select(year, Germany_public = Germany, Germany_private = 'Germany (private)', 
         Spain_public = Spain, Spain_private = 'Spain (private)', 
         France_public = France, France_private = 'France (private)', 
         UK_public  = UK, UK_private = 'UK (private)', 
         Japan_public = Japan, Japan_private = 'Japan (private)', 
         Norway_public = Norway, Norway_private = 'Norway (private)',
         USA_public = USA, USA_private = 'USA (private)') |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("country",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = country, linetype = type),
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", 
              span = 0.25, se = FALSE, size=0.75) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 8. The rise of private versus the decline of \npublic wealth in rich countries, 1970-2020", 
       x = "", y = "wealth as % of national income", color = "", type = "")

29.3.9.1.6 Step 6.

Let us check if we use only color for each group representing columns. This is not the chart we wanted to obtain.

df_f8 |> drop_na() |> 
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group), 
            formula = y~x, method = "loess", 
            span = 0.25, se = FALSE, size=0.75) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 8. The rise of private versus \nthe decline of public wealth in rich countries, \n1970-2020", 
       x = "", y = "wealth as % of national income", color = "")

29.3.10 F9: Average annual wealth growth rate, 1995-2021

df_f9 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F9")
df_f9

brks <- c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 99, 99.9, 99.99, 99.999)
df_f9 |> 
  mutate(level = cut(p, breaks = c(brks,100), labels = as.character(brks), include.lowest = TRUE)) |> 
  mutate(xlabel = as.numeric(level)+0.8) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = xlabel, y = `Wealth growth 1995-2021`)) + geom_smooth(method = "loess", formula = y~x, se = FALSE, span = 0.5) + 
  scale_x_discrete(limits=as.character(brks)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 0.1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 9. Average annual wealth growth rate, 1995-2021", 
       x = "←1% poorest Global wealth group              0.001% richest→", 
       y = "Per adult annual growth rate in wealth, \nnet of inflation (%)")

Interpretation: Growth rates among the poorest half of the population were between 3% and 4% per year, between 1995 and 2021. Since this group started from very low wealth levels, its absolute levels of growth remained very low. The poorest half of the world population only captured 2.3% of overall wealth growth since 1995. The top 1% benefited from high growth rates (3% to 9% per year). This group captured 38% of total wealth growth between 1995 and 2021. Net household wealth is equal to the sum of financial assets (e.g. equity or bonds) and non-financial assets (e.g. housing or land) owned by individuals, net of their debts.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.10.1 説明

29.3.10.1.1 Step 1.

Let’s look at the original chart

{width = 100%}

The scale of the x-axis is not evenly partitioned. It is (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 99, 99.9, 99.99, 99.999).
Look at the column p of the data.

df_f9 |> distinct(p) |> pull()
#>   [1]  0.000  1.000  2.000  3.000  4.000  5.000  6.000
#>   [8]  7.000  8.000  9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000
#>  [15] 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000
#>  [22] 21.000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000
#>  [29] 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 33.000 34.000
#>  [36] 35.000 36.000 37.000 38.000 39.000 40.000 41.000
#>  [43] 42.000 43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000
#>  [50] 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000
#>  [57] 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000 60.000 61.000 62.000
#>  [64] 63.000 64.000 65.000 66.000 67.000 68.000 69.000
#>  [71] 70.000 71.000 72.000 73.000 74.000 75.000 76.000
#>  [78] 77.000 78.000 79.000 80.000 81.000 82.000 83.000
#>  [85] 84.000 85.000 86.000 87.000 88.000 89.000 90.000
#>  [92] 91.000 92.000 93.000 94.000 95.000 96.000 97.000
#>  [99] 98.000 99.000 99.900 99.990 99.999

Use cut to break in levels.

brks <- c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 99, 99.9, 99.99, 99.999)
df_f9 |> mutate(level = cut(p, breaks = c(brks,100), labels = as.character(brks), include.lowest = TRUE))

29.3.10.1.2 Step 2.

Add xlabel in numeric.

df_f9 |> mutate(level = cut(p, breaks = c(brks,100), labels = as.character(brks), include.lowest = TRUE)) |> 
  mutate(xlabel = as.numeric(level))

29.3.10.1.3 Step 3.

Draw a curve using geom_smooth.
Added 0.5 to represent the mean value in each interval.

df_f9 |> mutate(level = cut(p, breaks = c(brks,100), labels = as.character(brks), include.lowest = TRUE)) |> 
  mutate(xlabel = as.numeric(level)+0.5) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = xlabel, y = `Wealth growth 1995-2021`)) + geom_smooth(method = "loess", formula = y~x, se = FALSE, span = 0.5)

29.3.10.1.4 Step 4.

Use scale_x_discrete(limits=as.character(brks)) to change the label of the x-axis.
Use scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 0.1)).

df_f9 |> mutate(level = cut(p, breaks = c(brks,100), labels = as.character(brks), include.lowest = TRUE)) |> 
  mutate(xlabel = as.numeric(level)+ 0.8) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = xlabel, y = `Wealth growth 1995-2021`)) + geom_smooth(method = "loess", formula = y~x, se = FALSE, span = 0.5) + 
  scale_x_discrete(limits=as.character(brks)) + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 0.1))

29.3.11 F10: The share of wealth owned by the global 0.1% and billionaires, 2021

df_f10 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F10")
#> New names:
#> • `` -> `...4`
#> • `` -> `...5`
#> • `` -> `...6`
df_f10

df_f10 |> 
  select(year, "Global Billionaire Wealth" = bn_hhweal, "Top 0.01%" = top0.1_hhweal) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", 
              span = 0.25, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1995, 2020, by = 5),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  scale_color_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2))) +
  labs(title = "Figure 10. Extreme wealth inequality: \nthe rise of global billionaires and top 0.01%, 1995-2021", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total household wealth (%)", color = "")

Interpretation: The share of wealth detained by the world’s billionaires rose from 1% of total household wealth in 1995 to nearly 3.5% today. The threshold of top 0.01%, composed of 520 000 adults, grew from €693,000 (PPP) in 1995 to €16,666,000 today. The net household wealth is equal to the sum of financial assets (e.g. equity or bonds) and non-financial assets (e.g. housing or land) owned by individuals, net of their debts.
Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology, Bauluz et al. (2021) and updates.

29.3.11.1 説明

29.3.11.1.1 Step 1.

Use descriptive column names and use pivot_longer to make it tidy.

df_f10 |> 
  select(year, "Global Billionaire Wealth" = bn_hhweal, "Top 0.01%" = top0.1_hhweal) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = "group", values_to = "value")

29.3.11.1.2 Step 2.

Use geom_smooth with span = 0.25 and change the breaks of x-labels.

df_f10 |> 
  select(year, "Global Billionaire Wealth" = bn_hhweal, "Top 0.01%" = top0.1_hhweal) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1995, 2020, by = 5),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 10. Extreme wealth inequality: \nthe rise of global billionaires and top 0.01%, 1995-2021", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total household wealth (%)", color = "")

29.3.11.1.3 Step 3.

Swap the colors by scale_color_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2))). If n is the number of colors used scales::hue_pal()(n) returns the RGB color codes used. By rev, the order is reversed. See https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_hue.html.

df_f10 |> 
  select(year, "Global Billionaire Wealth" = bn_hhweal, "Top 0.01%" = top0.1_hhweal) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = "group", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.25, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1995, 2020, by = 5),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  scale_color_manual(values=rev(scales::hue_pal()(2))) +
  labs(title = "Figure 10. Extreme wealth inequality: \nthe rise of global billionaires and top 0.01%, 1995-2021", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total household wealth (%)", color = "")

29.3.12 F11: Top 1% vs bottom 50% wealth shares in Western Europe and the US, 1910-2020

df_f11 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F11")
df_f11

df_f11 |>
  rename(!year, US_bot50 = USbot50, US_top1 = UStop1, EU_bot50 = EUbot50, EU_top1 = EUtop1) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("group",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group, linetype = type), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.5, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1910, 2020, by = 10),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 11. Top 1% vs bottom 50% wealth shares \n in Western Europe and the US, 1910-2020", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total personal wealth (%)", color = "", linetype = "") +
  scale_linetype_manual(values = c("dotted","solid")) +
  annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.50, label = stringr::str_wrap("Wealth inequality has been rising at different speeds after a historical decline. The bottom 50% has always been extremely low.", width = 30), size = 3)

Interpretation: The graph presents decennal averages of top 1% personal wealth shares in Western Europe and the US. Between 1910 and 2020, the top 1% was 55% on average in Europe vs. 43% in the US. A century later, the US is almost back to its early 20th century level. Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.3.12.1 説明

29.3.12.1.1 Step 1.

There are two groups: US vs. EU and bot50 and top1. We use the same technique as in F8.

df_f11 |> 
  rename(!year, US_bot50 = USbot50, US_top1 = UStop1, EU_bot50 = EUbot50, EU_top1 = EUtop1) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("group",".value"), names_sep = "_")

29.3.12.1.2 Step 2.

Here, we try another way. Here we use two geom_smooth with different aes().
Can you see the difference of the chart above?

df_f11 |> 
  rename(!year, US_bot50 = USbot50, US_top1 = UStop1, EU_bot50 = EUbot50, EU_top1 = EUtop1) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("group",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = top1, color = group), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.5, se = FALSE) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = bot50, color = group), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.5, se = FALSE, linetype = 2) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1910, 2020, by = 10),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 11. Top 1% vs bottom 50% wealth shares \n in Western Europe and the US, 1910-2020", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total personal wealth (%)", color = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.50, label = stringr::str_wrap("Wealth inequality has been rising at different speeds after a historical decline. The bottom 50% has always been extremely low.", width = 30), size = 3)

29.3.12.1.3 Step 3.

Use pivot_longer the second time.

df_f11 |> 
  rename(!year, US_bot50 = USbot50, US_top1 = UStop1, EU_bot50 = EUbot50, EU_top1 = EUtop1) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("group",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group, linetype = type), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess", span = 0.5, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1910, 2020, by = 10),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 11. Top 1% vs bottom 50% wealth shares \n in Western Europe and the US, 1910-2020", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total personal wealth (%)", color = "", linetype = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.50, label = stringr::str_wrap("Wealth inequality has been rising at different speeds after a historical decline. The bottom 50% has always been extremely low.", width = 30), size = 3)

29.3.12.1.4 Step 4.

Change the order of linetypes manually.

df_f11 |> 
  rename(!year, US_bot50 = USbot50, US_top1 = UStop1, EU_bot50 = EUbot50, EU_top1 = EUtop1) |>
  pivot_longer(!year, names_to = c("group",".value"), names_sep = "_") |>
  pivot_longer(3:4, names_to = "type", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = year, y = value, color = group, linetype = type), 
              formula = y~x, method = "loess",
              span = 0.5, se = FALSE) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = round(seq(1910, 2020, by = 10),1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 11. Top 1% vs bottom 50% wealth shares \n in Western Europe and the US, 1910-2020", 
       x = "", y = "Share of total personal wealth (%)", color = "", linetype = "") +
  scale_linetype_manual(values = c("dotted","solid")) +
  annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.50, label = stringr::str_wrap("Wealth inequality has been rising at different speeds after a historical decline. The bottom 50% has always been extremely low.", width = 30), size = 3)

29.3.13 F12: Female share in global labor incomes, 1990-2020

df_f12 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F12")
#> New names:
#> • `` -> `...2`
df_f12

df_f12 |> 
  select(year = "Data needs to be updated", value = ...2) |>
  filter(!is.na(year)) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value)) +
  geom_col(width = 0.5, fill = scales::hue_pal()(2)[2]) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, linetype = 2, colour = scales::hue_pal()(2)[1]) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 12. Female share in global labor incomes, 1990-2020", 
        x = "", y = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 1, y = 0.48, label = "Gender parity", size = 3) +
  annotate("text", x = 5.2, y = 0.47, label = stringr::str_wrap("Women make only 35% of global labor incomes, men make the remaining  65%.", width = 40), size = 3)

Interpretation: The share of female incomes in global labour incomes was 31% in 1990 and nears 35% in 2015-2020. Today, males make up 65% of total labor incomes. Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology and Neef and Robilliard (2021).

29.3.13.1 説明

29.3.13.1.1 Step 1.

Change the column names and delete the rows with NAs.

df_f12 |> 
  select(year = "Data needs to be updated", value = ...2) |>
  filter(!is.na(year))

29.3.13.1.2 Step 2.

Add geom_col and geom_hline with colors scales::hue_pal()(2)[2] and scales::hue_pal()(2)[1].

df_f12 |> 
  select(year = "Data needs to be updated", value = ...2) |>
  filter(!is.na(year)) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = value)) +
  geom_col(width = 0.5, fill = scales::hue_pal()(2)[2]) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, linetype = 2, colour = scales::hue_pal()(2)[1]) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 12. Female share in global labor incomes, 1990-2020", 
        x = "", y = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 1, y = 0.48, label = "Gender parity", size = 3) +
  annotate("text", x = 5.2, y = 0.47, label = stringr::str_wrap("Women make only 35% of global labor incomes, men make the remaining  65%.", width = 40), size = 3)

29.3.14 F13: Female labor income share across the world, 1990-2020

Note that the sheet name of F13 has period at the end. Note that `summary_sheets[30] = `data-F13. with a period.

df_f13 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F13.")
#> New names:
#> • `` -> `...1`
df_f13

df_f13 |> pivot_longer(2:9, names_to = "region", values_to = "value") |>
  ggplot(aes(x = region, y = value, fill = ...1)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, linetype = 2, colour = "red") +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 12)) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 13. Female labor income share across the world, 1990-2020", 
        x = "", y = "", fill = "") +
  annotate("text", x = 1.2, y = 0.48, label = "Gender parity", size = 3)

Interpretation: The female labour income share rose from 34% to 38% in North America between 1990 and 2020. Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology and Neef and Robilliard (2021).

29.3.14.1 説明

Not so difficult.

29.3.15 F14: Global carbon inequality, 2019. Group contribution to world emissions (%)

Note that the sheet name of F14 has period at the end. Note that `summary_sheets[31] = `data-F14. with a period.

df_f14 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F14.")
df_f14

\n for line break in the title.

df_f14 |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = Group, y = Share)) +
  geom_col(width = 0.5, fill = scales::hue_pal()(1)[1]) + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 14. Global carbon inequality, \n2019 Group contribution to world emissions (%)", 
       x = "", y = "Share of world emissions (%)")

Interpretation: Personal carbon footprints include emissions from domestic consumption, public and private investments as well as imports and exports of carbon embedded in goods and services traded with the rest of the world. Modeled estimates based on the systematic combination of tax data, household surveys and input-output tables. Emissions split equally within households. Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology and Chancel (2021).

29.3.15.1 説明

Not so difficult. You can assign color name. See http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Colors_(ggplot2)/.

29.3.16 F15: Per capita emissions acriss the world, 2019

df_f15 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", sheet = "data-F15")
df_f15

df_f15 |> mutate(region = rep(regionWID[!is.na(regionWID)], each = 3)) |>
  select(region, group, tcap) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = region, y = tcap, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 15 Per capita emissions across the world, 2019", 
       x = "", y = "tonnes of CO2e per person per year", fill = "")

29.3.16.1 説明

29.3.16.1.1 Step 1.

It is in Excel stype and there are missing values in the first column. In order to add a new column, let us check the following.

region_test <- rep(df_f15$regionWID[!is.na(df_f15$regionWID)], each = 3)
region_test
#>  [1] "East Asia"               "East Asia"              
#>  [3] "East Asia"               "Europe"                 
#>  [5] "Europe"                  "Europe"                 
#>  [7] "North America"           "North America"          
#>  [9] "North America"           "South & South-East Asia"
#> [11] "South & South-East Asia" "South & South-East Asia"
#> [13] "Russia & Central Asia"   "Russia & Central Asia"  
#> [15] "Russia & Central Asia"   "MENA"                   
#> [17] "MENA"                    "MENA"                   
#> [19] "Latin America"           "Latin America"          
#> [21] "Latin America"           "Sub-Saharan Africa"     
#> [23] "Sub-Saharan Africa"      "Sub-Saharan Africa"

29.3.16.1.2 Step 2.

Add the names of the region in the last column by mutate and choose columns by select.

df_f15 |> mutate(region = rep(regionWID[!is.na(regionWID)], each = 3))

df_f15 |> mutate(region = rep(regionWID[!is.na(regionWID)], each = 3)) |>
  select(region, group, tcap)

29.3.16.1.3 Step 3.

Now it is not difficult to draw a chart.

df_f15 |> mutate(region = rep(regionWID[!is.na(regionWID)], each = 3)) |>
  select(region, group, tcap) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = region, y = tcap, fill = group)) +
  geom_col(position = "dodge") + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) stringr::str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
  labs(title = "Figure 15 Per capita emissions across the world, 2019", 
       x = "", y = "tonnes of CO2e per person per year", fill = "")

29.3.17 T1 Global millionaires and billionaires, 2021

Check the format of the sheet and add skip=4, n_max=7.

df_t1 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx", 
                    sheet = "T1", skip = 4, n_max = 7)
df_t1

Interpretation: In 2021, there were 62.2 million people in the world owning more than $1 million (measured at Market Exchange Rates). Their average wealth was $ 2.8 million, representing a total of $174 trillion. In our Tax scenario 2, a global progressive wealth tax would yield 2.1% of global income, taking into account capital depreciation and evasion. Sources and series: wir2022.wid.world/methodology.

29.4 Other Data of WIR2022

29.4.1 Data Used in Chapter 1 to Chapter 10

There are three ways to import data used in Chapter 1 to Chapter 10.

29.4.1.1 Use the link to download the data.

Go to the Methodology site: https://wir2022.wid.world/methodology/
Copy the link to Dataset 2, i.e., the datasets of chapters 1 to 10.

url_wir1to10 <- "https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter.zip"

Download the data in your data folder.

download.file(url_wir1to10, destfile = "./data/wir1to10.zip", mode = "wb")

Unzip the file.

unzip("./data/wir1to10.zip", exdir = "./data")

Download the data from the following site.
- Methodology: https://wir2022.wid.world/methodology/

Check the file names and check the sheet names.

list.files("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter")

excel_sheets("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter1.xlsx")

Import the data table.

wir_F1.0 <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter1.xlsx", sheet = "data-F1.0")
wir_F1.0

Select the range by slice or use range option.

wir_F1.0 <- wir_F1.0 |> slice(1:2)
wir_F1.0

wir_F1.0a <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter1.xlsx", sheet = "data-F1.0", range = "A2:E4")
wir_F1.0a

wir_F1.0b <- read_excel("./data/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter/WIR2022TablesFigures-Chapter1.xlsx", sheet = "data-F1.0", range = "A7:E9")
wir_F1.0b

29.4.2 Download the zip file and move to you data folder

Go to the Methodology site: https://wir2022.wid.world/methodology/
Double click the download link under Dataset 2, i.e., the datasets of chapters 1 to 10 to dounload the zip file.
Unzip the file using the helper application of your PC. In most cases, if you double click the zip file, you can get a folder containing Excel files.
Move to your data folder and follow the line above of the previous method.

29.4.3 Use copying and pasting

Since the table structure of Excel is complicated, it may be much easier to copy and paste the range you want to use. In this case keep the record of the data so that the method is reproducible.

# Copy the range of an Excel sheet into your clipboard
wir_F1.0c <- read_delim(clipboard())

29.5 Package: `wid` to Download Data

In the following, we explain how to download data by an R package wid-r-tool. First, you need to install the package. The wid-r-tool is a package in the development stage; it is not an official R package yet; you need to use the package devtools to install it.

To install, run the following code or in Console. If you are recommended to update, select one by choosing ‘All’.

install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("WIDworld/wid-r-tool")

For references use ‘?download_wid’ or put ‘download_wid’ in the search box under Help.

It is similar to WDI. For more detail and examples, see vignettes.

For indicators of WIR, see codebook.

library("wid")

29.5.1 Examples

29.5.1.1 Evolution of national income over long period

This example is essentially the same as in the vignettes.

We now plot the evolution of average net national income per adult in Japan, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.

# Average national income data
data <- download_wid(
    indicators = "anninc", # Average net national income
    areas = c("JP", "FR", "US", "DE", "GB"),
    ages = 992 # Adults
) |> rename(value_lcu = value)
# Purchasing power parities with US dollar
ppp <- download_wid(
    indicators = "xlcusp", # US PPP
    areas = c("JP", "FR", "US", "DE", "GB"), # France, China and United States
    year = 2016 # Reference year only
) |> rename(ppp = value) |> select(-year, -percentile)
# Convert from local currency to PPP US dollar
data <- merge(data, ppp, by = "country") |>
    mutate(value_ppp = value_lcu/ppp) |>
    filter(year %in% 1950:2021)
ggplot(data) +
    geom_line(aes(x = year, y = value_ppp, color = country, linetype=country)) +
    scale_y_log10(breaks = c(2e3, 5e3, 1e4, 2e4, 5e4)) +
    ylab("2016 $ PPP") +
    scale_color_discrete(
        labels = c("JP" = "Japan", "US" = "USA", "FR" = "France", "DE" = "Germany", "GB" = "UK")
    ) + 
    scale_linetype_discrete(
        labels = c("JP" = "Japan", "US" = "USA", "FR" = "France", "DE" = "Germany", "GB" = "UK")
    ) + 
    ggtitle("Average net national income per adult")

We choose two indicators: ‘wealg’ and ‘wealp’. WIR2022 indicators consists of 6 characters; 1 letter code plus 5 letter code. You can find the list in the codebook.

If you want to study WIR2022, please study the report, the codebook, and wir vignette together with the R Notebook.

References: https://ds-sl.github.io/data-analysis/wir2022.nb.html

29.6 WIR Package

In the following, we explain how to download data by an R package wir. First, you need to install the package. However, it is not an official R package yet; you need to use the package devtools to install it.

install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("WIDworld/wid-r-tool")

I have not studied fully, but you can download the data by a package called wir. See here. After installing the package, check the codebook of the indicators. The following is not the ratio given in F8, but an example.

w wealth-to-income ratio or labor/capital share fraction of national income
wealg: net public wealth to net national income ratio
wealp: net private wealth to net national income ratio

library(wid)
wwealg <- download_wid(indicators = "wwealg", areas = "all", years = "all")
wwealp <- download_wid(indicators = "wwealp", areas = "all", years = "all")

#> Rows: 8783 Columns: 5
#> ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────
#> Delimiter: ","
#> chr (3): country, variable, percentile
#> dbl (2): year, value
#> 
#> ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
#> ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.
#> Rows: 8989 Columns: 5
#> ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────
#> Delimiter: ","
#> chr (3): country, variable, percentile
#> dbl (2): year, value
#> 
#> ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
#> ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

public <- wwealg |> select(country, year, public = value)
public

private <- wwealp |> select(country, year, private = value)
private

public_vs_private <- public |> left_join(private)
#> Joining with `by = join_by(country, year)`
public_vs_private

We use wdi_cache created by wdi_cache = WDI::wdi_cache().

wdi_cache <- read_rds("./data/wdi_cache.RData")

df_pub_priv <- public_vs_private |> pivot_longer(cols = c(3,4), names_to = "category", values_to = "value") |> left_join(wdi_cache$country, by = c("country"="iso2c")) |>
  select(country = country.y, iso2c = country, year, category, value, region, income, lending)
df_pub_priv

unique(df_pub_priv$country)
#>   [1] "Andorra"                                     
#>   [2] "United Arab Emirates"                        
#>   [3] "Afghanistan"                                 
#>   [4] "Antigua and Barbuda"                         
#>   [5] NA                                            
#>   [6] "Albania"                                     
#>   [7] "Armenia"                                     
#>   [8] "Angola"                                      
#>   [9] "Argentina"                                   
#>  [10] "American Samoa"                              
#>  [11] "Austria"                                     
#>  [12] "Australia"                                   
#>  [13] "Aruba"                                       
#>  [14] "Azerbaijan"                                  
#>  [15] "Bosnia and Herzegovina"                      
#>  [16] "Barbados"                                    
#>  [17] "Bangladesh"                                  
#>  [18] "Belgium"                                     
#>  [19] "Burkina Faso"                                
#>  [20] "Bulgaria"                                    
#>  [21] "Bahrain"                                     
#>  [22] "Burundi"                                     
#>  [23] "Benin"                                       
#>  [24] "Bermuda"                                     
#>  [25] "Brunei Darussalam"                           
#>  [26] "Bolivia"                                     
#>  [27] "Brazil"                                      
#>  [28] "Bahamas, The"                                
#>  [29] "Bhutan"                                      
#>  [30] "Botswana"                                    
#>  [31] "Belize"                                      
#>  [32] "Canada"                                      
#>  [33] "Congo, Dem. Rep."                            
#>  [34] "Central African Republic"                    
#>  [35] "Congo, Rep."                                 
#>  [36] "Switzerland"                                 
#>  [37] "Cote d'Ivoire"                               
#>  [38] "Chile"                                       
#>  [39] "Cameroon"                                    
#>  [40] "China"                                       
#>  [41] "Colombia"                                    
#>  [42] "Costa Rica"                                  
#>  [43] "Cuba"                                        
#>  [44] "Cabo Verde"                                  
#>  [45] "Curacao"                                     
#>  [46] "Cyprus"                                      
#>  [47] "Czechia"                                     
#>  [48] "Germany"                                     
#>  [49] "Djibouti"                                    
#>  [50] "Denmark"                                     
#>  [51] "Dominica"                                    
#>  [52] "Dominican Republic"                          
#>  [53] "Algeria"                                     
#>  [54] "Ecuador"                                     
#>  [55] "Estonia"                                     
#>  [56] "Egypt, Arab Rep."                            
#>  [57] "Eritrea"                                     
#>  [58] "Spain"                                       
#>  [59] "Ethiopia"                                    
#>  [60] "Finland"                                     
#>  [61] "Fiji"                                        
#>  [62] "Micronesia, Fed. Sts."                       
#>  [63] "France"                                      
#>  [64] "Gabon"                                       
#>  [65] "United Kingdom"                              
#>  [66] "Grenada"                                     
#>  [67] "Georgia"                                     
#>  [68] "Ghana"                                       
#>  [69] "Greenland"                                   
#>  [70] "Gambia, The"                                 
#>  [71] "Guinea"                                      
#>  [72] "Equatorial Guinea"                           
#>  [73] "Greece"                                      
#>  [74] "Guatemala"                                   
#>  [75] "Guam"                                        
#>  [76] "Guinea-Bissau"                               
#>  [77] "Guyana"                                      
#>  [78] "Hong Kong SAR, China"                        
#>  [79] "Honduras"                                    
#>  [80] "Croatia"                                     
#>  [81] "Haiti"                                       
#>  [82] "Hungary"                                     
#>  [83] "Indonesia"                                   
#>  [84] "Ireland"                                     
#>  [85] "Israel"                                      
#>  [86] "Isle of Man"                                 
#>  [87] "India"                                       
#>  [88] "Iraq"                                        
#>  [89] "Iran, Islamic Rep."                          
#>  [90] "Iceland"                                     
#>  [91] "Italy"                                       
#>  [92] "Jamaica"                                     
#>  [93] "Jordan"                                      
#>  [94] "Japan"                                       
#>  [95] "Kenya"                                       
#>  [96] "Kyrgyz Republic"                             
#>  [97] "Cambodia"                                    
#>  [98] "Kiribati"                                    
#>  [99] "Comoros"                                     
#> [100] "St. Kitts and Nevis"                         
#> [101] "Korea, Dem. People's Rep."                   
#> [102] "Korea, Rep."                                 
#> [103] "Kuwait"                                      
#> [104] "Cayman Islands"                              
#> [105] "Kazakhstan"                                  
#> [106] "Lao PDR"                                     
#> [107] "Lebanon"                                     
#> [108] "St. Lucia"                                   
#> [109] "Liechtenstein"                               
#> [110] "Sri Lanka"                                   
#> [111] "Liberia"                                     
#> [112] "Lesotho"                                     
#> [113] "Lithuania"                                   
#> [114] "Luxembourg"                                  
#> [115] "Latvia"                                      
#> [116] "Libya"                                       
#> [117] "Morocco"                                     
#> [118] "Monaco"                                      
#> [119] "Moldova"                                     
#> [120] "Montenegro"                                  
#> [121] "Madagascar"                                  
#> [122] "Marshall Islands"                            
#> [123] "North Macedonia"                             
#> [124] "Mali"                                        
#> [125] "Myanmar"                                     
#> [126] "Mongolia"                                    
#> [127] "Macao SAR, China"                            
#> [128] "Northern Mariana Islands"                    
#> [129] "Mauritania"                                  
#> [130] "Malta"                                       
#> [131] "Mauritius"                                   
#> [132] "Maldives"                                    
#> [133] "Malawi"                                      
#> [134] "Mexico"                                      
#> [135] "Malaysia"                                    
#> [136] "Mozambique"                                  
#> [137] "New Caledonia"                               
#> [138] "Niger"                                       
#> [139] "Nigeria"                                     
#> [140] "Nicaragua"                                   
#> [141] "Netherlands"                                 
#> [142] "Norway"                                      
#> [143] "Nepal"                                       
#> [144] "Nauru"                                       
#> [145] "New Zealand"                                 
#> [146] "OECD members"                                
#> [147] "Oman"                                        
#> [148] "Panama"                                      
#> [149] "Peru"                                        
#> [150] "French Polynesia"                            
#> [151] "Papua New Guinea"                            
#> [152] "Philippines"                                 
#> [153] "Pakistan"                                    
#> [154] "Poland"                                      
#> [155] "Puerto Rico"                                 
#> [156] "West Bank and Gaza"                          
#> [157] "Portugal"                                    
#> [158] "Palau"                                       
#> [159] "Paraguay"                                    
#> [160] "Qatar"                                       
#> [161] "Romania"                                     
#> [162] "Serbia"                                      
#> [163] "Russian Federation"                          
#> [164] "Rwanda"                                      
#> [165] "Saudi Arabia"                                
#> [166] "Solomon Islands"                             
#> [167] "Seychelles"                                  
#> [168] "Sudan"                                       
#> [169] "Sweden"                                      
#> [170] "Singapore"                                   
#> [171] "Slovenia"                                    
#> [172] "Slovak Republic"                             
#> [173] "Sierra Leone"                                
#> [174] "San Marino"                                  
#> [175] "Senegal"                                     
#> [176] "Somalia"                                     
#> [177] "Suriname"                                    
#> [178] "South Sudan"                                 
#> [179] "Sao Tome and Principe"                       
#> [180] "El Salvador"                                 
#> [181] "Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"                   
#> [182] "Syrian Arab Republic"                        
#> [183] "Eswatini"                                    
#> [184] "Turks and Caicos Islands"                    
#> [185] "Chad"                                        
#> [186] "Togo"                                        
#> [187] "Thailand"                                    
#> [188] "Tajikistan"                                  
#> [189] "Timor-Leste"                                 
#> [190] "Turkmenistan"                                
#> [191] "Tunisia"                                     
#> [192] "Tonga"                                       
#> [193] "Turkiye"                                     
#> [194] "Trinidad and Tobago"                         
#> [195] "Tuvalu"                                      
#> [196] "Taiwan, China"                               
#> [197] "Tanzania"                                    
#> [198] "Ukraine"                                     
#> [199] "Uganda"                                      
#> [200] "United States"                               
#> [201] "Uruguay"                                     
#> [202] "Uzbekistan"                                  
#> [203] "St. Vincent and the Grenadines"              
#> [204] "Venezuela, RB"                               
#> [205] "British Virgin Islands"                      
#> [206] "Virgin Islands (U.S.)"                       
#> [207] "Vietnam"                                     
#> [208] "Vanuatu"                                     
#> [209] "Samoa"                                       
#> [210] "IBRD only"                                   
#> [211] "IDA only"                                    
#> [212] "Least developed countries: UN classification"
#> [213] "Low income"                                  
#> [214] "Lower middle income"                         
#> [215] "Yemen, Rep."                                 
#> [216] "South Africa"                                
#> [217] "Zambia"                                      
#> [218] "Zimbabwe"

df_pub_priv |> 
  filter(country %in% c("Japan", "Norway", "Sweden", "Denmark", "Finland"), year %in% 1970:2020) |>
  ggplot(aes(year, value, color = country, linetype = category)) + geom_line()

We choose two indicators: ‘wealg’ and ‘wealp’. WIR2022 indicators consists of 6 characters; 1 letter code plus 5 letter code. You can find the list in the codebook.

If you want to study WIR2022, please study the report, the codebook, and wir vignette together with the R Notebook.

As I mentioned earlier, the data tables used in the report are available from the following page.

Methodology: https://wir2022.wid.world/methodology/

28 Our World in Data

30 e-Stat